To demonstrate the applicability to anxiety disorders, hedonic and motivational components of negative reinforcement were investigated in anxiety vulnerable Wistar Kyoto (WKY) rats. Likewise, motivation to escape footshock increased as shock intensity increased. In outbred Sprague Dawley (SD) rats, relief increased as shock intensity increased. We describe a novel use of behavioral economics demand curve analysis to investigate negative reinforcement in animals that separates hedonic assessment of footshock termination (i.e., relief) from motivation to escape footshock. Therefore, a translational approach to the study of negatively motivated behaviors is needed. Symptoms influenced by motivation and anhedonia predict treatment success or resistance. ![]() 3Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neurosciences, New Jersey Medical School-Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Newark, NJ, USAĪbnormal motivation and hedonic assessment of aversive stimuli are symptoms of anxiety and depression.2Neurobehavioral Research Lab, Department of Veteran Affairs Medical Center–New Jersey Health Care System, East Orange, NJ, USA. ![]() 1Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Newark, NJ, USA.
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